Macao, a Special Administration Region of China (Macao SAR), is unique in that its mathematics education practice and research have integrated both the eastern and western traditions. Its participation in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) since 2003 inspired the research culture in mathematics education in Macao from international perspectives. In this article, we report on a survey of three kinds of research done in mathematics education in Macao: (1) research related to PISA, in particular PISA 2012 and PISA 2018; (2) research done for master’s and Ph.D. theses/dissertations in higher institutions in Macao; and (3) articles published in educational journals, particularly in mathematics education in Macao. The survey reveals emerging research cultures in mathematics education over the past decade—the interests of researchers and practitioners in topics such as comparative studies, lesson studies, mathematical problem-solving, and the use of information technology in mathematics teaching and learning. Lastly, we summarize what Macao has done well and what it needs to do better for further development of Macao’s research culture within the global trend of literacy-based mathematics education as modeled by the PISA.