This paper focuses on the application of optical fiber sensors (OFS) for the strain and temperature measurement of a large number of soil nail bars embedded in concrete. Basic calibration method and installation procedures of different OFS including fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors are introduced. Main features of the adopted OFS including sensing principle, sensor design, package method, data collection system, and data analysis are presented in details. Typical laboratory and field measurement results indicate that the OFS have great potential for the structural health monitoring of different engineering structures. Monitoring results show that OFS can fully reflect the structural deformation if suitable design method and installation method (especially the adherence method of OFS on structures) are adopted. Field experimental results indicate that the strains of OFS can be used to analyze both the short-term and long-term stability issue of slopes. Fully-distributed sensors (BOTDA sensors) provide average strain data along the whole structure body, and quasi-distributed sensors (FBG sensors) have relatively high resolution so that can easily identify the microdeformation of structures.