Photothermal agents with strong light absorption in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region (1000–1350 nm) are strongly desired for successful photothermal therapy (PTT). In this work, titania-coated Au nanobipyramids (NBP@TiO) with a strong plasmon resonance in the NIR-II window were synthesized. The NBP@TiO nanostructures have a high photothermal conversion efficiency of (93.3 ± 5.2)% under 1064-nm laser irradiation. They are also capable for loading an anticancer drug combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4P). In vitro PTT studies reveal that 1064-nm laser irradiation can efficiently ablate human lung cancer A549 cells and enhance the anticancer effect of CA4P. Moreover, the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO nanostructures combined with PTT induce a synergistic antiangiogenesis effect. In vivo studies show that such CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO nanostructures under mild 1064-nm laser irradiation at an optical power density of 0.4 W cm, which is lower than the skin tolerance threshold value, exhibit a superior antitumor effect. This work presents not only the development of the NBP@TiO nanostructures as a novel photothermal agent responsive in the NIR-II window but also a unique combined chemo-photothermal therapy strategy for cancer therapy. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].