Amidoxime-chelating cellulose (ACCS) was obtained through comprehensive modification, i.e. alkalization, etherification, amination and chelating; then, the adsorption of cadmium(II) was investigated by batch experiments, characterization, computational theoretical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Isothermal adsorption showed that the Freundlich equation described the adsorption data well at pH 5.0 and 7.0, whereas the Langmuir model was in good accordance at pH 1.0 and 3.0. As confirmed, ACCS exhibited the best Cd(II) adsorption capacity (134.13 mg g^-1 ) at pH 5.0 and even retained considerable adsorption performance under extremely acidic conditions. Additionally, it maintained excellent adsorbability and little weight loss after 5 cycles. Further, the adsorption structure of 2662 type ACCS was determined by quantum molecular (QM) and molecular orbital (MO) investigations. On the basis of this structure, the amidoxime group (–C(NH₂)=NOH) was proved to be key in the adsorption process by Mulliken charge analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the binding energy values clearly indicated that Cd(II) favors binding with C–NH₂ over C=N–OH in the amidoxime group. In summary, our interpretation of the overall adsorption mechanism was well quantified by efficient calculations and simulations.