This paper attempts to elucidate whether firm performance and macroeconomic conditions play a significant role in explaining credit default swap (CDS) spreads. Our panel dataset covers 112 reference entities in four markets (South Korea, Hong Kong, France, and Germany) for the period 2001-12. Overall, our results suggest that market value indicators (Tobin’s Q, stock market returns, and the interest rate) appear to be more important than book value indicators (i.e., ROA, ROE, and the GDP growth rate) in determining CDS spreads. Moreover, Asian CDS markets are shown to be more sensitive to both GDP and stock market volatility, than the two European markets. Finally, the 2007-09 global financial crisis may have significantly affected the CDS market as a whole, but it generally did not affect the individual markets. These results are robust to various model specifications. This paper contributes to the understanding of CDS determinants at firm-, economy-, and market-level.