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A Battery-Free Crystal-Less BLE Transmitter Tag With Fully-Integrated RF Harvesting and Multitag TDD and FDD Broadcasting
Lin, Liwen1; Yu, Wei Han1; Shao, Haijun1; Yin, Jun1; Lei, Ka Meng1; Martins, Rui P.1,2; Mak, Pui In1
2024-09
Source PublicationIEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
ISSN0018-9480
Abstract

This article reports a Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) transmitter (TX) tag without the battery and crystal (XTAL) while supporting multitag time-division duplex (TDD) and frequency-division duplex (FDD) broadcasting. Such TX tag has a PCB size of 17 × 27 × 3 mm3 , including 1 off-chip antenna and 1 off-chip storage capacitor. It facilitates installation in large-scale deployment in intelligent warehouses, portable devices, or volume-constrained, hard-to-reach locations. The key innovations are threefold: 1) a single antenna that not only features a trifilar RF harvester and an RF-reference phase-locked loop (PLL) to extract the energy and reference clock from the wireless access point (AP), but operates with the power amplifier (PA) to transmit packets; 2) a VDD-insensitive voltage-controlled oscillator-PA that provides stable output power (POUT) and frequency of the BLE output data packet against the harvester's output-voltage variation; and 3) multitag TDD and FDD broadcasting that features a frequency-retaining technique to save the power consumption when the TX tag is idle. Prototyped in 28-nm CMOS, our TX tag occupies an active area of 1.4 mm2, including a fully-on-chip micropower manager. The measured VCO frequency pushing and POUT variation are 1.74 MHz/V and <0.05 dB against supply voltage from 0.26-0.46 V. The data-package frequency drift is 11 kHz (4.43 ppm). The system-level verification is validated with the over-the-air measurement.

KeywordBattery Bluetooth Low Energy (Ble) Crystal (Xtal) Frequency Retaining Technique Frequency-division Duplex (Fdd) Over-the-air (Ota) Rf Reference Phase-locked Loop (Pll) Time-division Duplex (Tdd) Trifilar Rf Harvester Vdd-insensitive Voltage Control Oscillator And Power Amplifier (Vco-pa)
DOI10.1109/TMTT.2024.3458019
URLView the original
Indexed BySCIE
Language英語English
WOS Research AreaEngineering
WOS SubjectEngineering, Electrical & Electronic
WOS IDWOS:001324967800001
PublisherIEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141
Scopus ID2-s2.0-85205147434
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Citation statistics
Document TypeJournal article
CollectionFaculty of Science and Technology
THE STATE KEY LABORATORY OF ANALOG AND MIXED-SIGNAL VLSI (UNIVERSITY OF MACAU)
INSTITUTE OF MICROELECTRONICS
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Corresponding AuthorMak, Pui In
Affiliation1.University of Macau, State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, Faculty of Science and Technology-ECE, Macao
2.Universidade de Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, 1649-004, Portugal
First Author AffilicationFaculty of Science and Technology
Corresponding Author AffilicationFaculty of Science and Technology
Recommended Citation
GB/T 7714
Lin, Liwen,Yu, Wei Han,Shao, Haijun,et al. A Battery-Free Crystal-Less BLE Transmitter Tag With Fully-Integrated RF Harvesting and Multitag TDD and FDD Broadcasting[J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2024.
APA Lin, Liwen., Yu, Wei Han., Shao, Haijun., Yin, Jun., Lei, Ka Meng., Martins, Rui P.., & Mak, Pui In (2024). A Battery-Free Crystal-Less BLE Transmitter Tag With Fully-Integrated RF Harvesting and Multitag TDD and FDD Broadcasting. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.
MLA Lin, Liwen,et al."A Battery-Free Crystal-Less BLE Transmitter Tag With Fully-Integrated RF Harvesting and Multitag TDD and FDD Broadcasting".IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques (2024).
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