Seawater electrolysis has emerged as a viable solution for sustainable hydrogen production, leveraging areas abundant in renewable energy but deficient in freshwater. However, the complex composition of seawater presents substantial challenges, such as electrode corrosion and electrolyzer degradation, casting doubt on the viability of direct seawater electrolysis. A thorough review that summarizes the electrochemical challenges, innovative materials, and recent technological advancements in seawater electrolysis is essential yet remains absent. This review provides an in-depth examination of the current state of seawater electrolysis. It highlights the importance of innovative electrocatalysts, cutting-edge electrolyzer technologies, and the integration of hybrid anodic oxidation reactions in enhancing the efficiency of direct seawater electrolysis. Moreover, future directions to enhance the techno-economic viability of this promising field are outlined, aiming to pave the way for the efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable commercialization of direct seawater electrolysis technologies.