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A 12-/13.56-MHz Crystal Oscillator with Binary-Search-Assisted Two-Step Injection Achieving 5.0-nJ Startup Energy and 45.8-μs Startup Time
Li, Haihua1; Lei, Ka Meng1; Martins, Rui P.1,2; Mak, Pui In1
2024-02-01
Source PublicationIEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
ISSN0018-9200
Volume59Issue:2Pages:464-475
Abstract

This article reports a 12-/13.56-MHz fast-Andenergy-efficient startup crystal oscillator (XO) featuring a binary-search-Assisted two-step injection technique for ultralowpower duty-cycled radios. Specifically, after the first injection, a calibration module refines the auxiliary oscillator's frequency toward the crystal's resonant frequency in a binary-search fashion with a sub-500-ppm error for the second injection. This calibration method eliminates the closed-loop phase-locked loop (PLL) and shortens the calibration period into 48 clock cycles. Prototyped in a 65-nm CMOS process, the XO occupies an active area of 0.134 mm2. The 13.56-MHz XO can achieve a startup time (ts) of 45.8 us with a VDD of 0.7 V, while consuming 5.0 nJ of energy.Ts varies by-2.2% amid temperature variations (-40 C to 85 C). Its steady-state power consumption is 28.4 uW, with an output phase noise of-143.7 dBc/Hz at 1-kHz offset (FoM: 241.8 dBc/Hz), manifesting its state-of-The-Art performance.

KeywordBinary-search Algorithm Crystal Oscillator (Xo) Internet-of-things (Iot) Ring Oscillator Sandwich Capacitor Stepwise Injection Two-step Injection Ultralow Power (Ulp)
DOI10.1109/JSSC.2023.3300589
URLView the original
Indexed BySCIE
Language英語English
WOS Research AreaEngineering
WOS SubjectEngineering ; Electrical & Electronic
WOS IDWOS:001063642000001
PublisherIEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141
Scopus ID2-s2.0-85168736242
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Citation statistics
Document TypeJournal article
CollectionFaculty of Science and Technology
THE STATE KEY LABORATORY OF ANALOG AND MIXED-SIGNAL VLSI (UNIVERSITY OF MACAU)
INSTITUTE OF MICROELECTRONICS
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Corresponding AuthorLei, Ka Meng
Affiliation1.University of Macau, State Key Lab. of Analog and Mixed-Sign. VLSI/Inst. of Microlectron. and the Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Eng. /Fac. of Sci. and Technol., Macao
2.Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1649-004, Portugal
First Author AffilicationUniversity of Macau
Corresponding Author AffilicationUniversity of Macau
Recommended Citation
GB/T 7714
Li, Haihua,Lei, Ka Meng,Martins, Rui P.,et al. A 12-/13.56-MHz Crystal Oscillator with Binary-Search-Assisted Two-Step Injection Achieving 5.0-nJ Startup Energy and 45.8-μs Startup Time[J]. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2024, 59(2), 464-475.
APA Li, Haihua., Lei, Ka Meng., Martins, Rui P.., & Mak, Pui In (2024). A 12-/13.56-MHz Crystal Oscillator with Binary-Search-Assisted Two-Step Injection Achieving 5.0-nJ Startup Energy and 45.8-μs Startup Time. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 59(2), 464-475.
MLA Li, Haihua,et al."A 12-/13.56-MHz Crystal Oscillator with Binary-Search-Assisted Two-Step Injection Achieving 5.0-nJ Startup Energy and 45.8-μs Startup Time".IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 59.2(2024):464-475.
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