Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated great promise in animal and clinical studies for the treatment of many refractory diseases. However, the clinical application of MSCs derived from adult tissues is restricted by inter-donor variations in quality and quantity and concerns about the health status, genetic mutations, and pathogen infection. Professor Ren-He Xu discovered a new way to generate MSCs by differentiating human embryonic stem cells through extraembryonic trophoblasts (named T-MSC), which were approved by U.S. FDA to enter clinical trials on multiple sclerosis. He also developed a series of other therapeutic applications using T-MSC or their spheroids.