Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that requires urgent medical attention. In this study, we investigated the potential of soybean-derived peptides (soy peptides) as an anti-inflammatory supplement for patients with sepsis. Cynomolgus monkeys were induced with sepsis by intravenous administration of three different concentrations of Escherichia coli (6.3 × 10, 6.3 × 10, and 6.3 × 10 CFU/kg). Changes in body weight and inflammatory markers were analyzed, and the high dose of 6.3 × 10 CFU/kg was found to be the most appropriate for sepsis modeling. Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis was then used to release bioactive soy peptides from soy protein isolate, which were administered to monkeys with sepsis. The results showed that soy peptide supplementation significantly suppressed inflammatory responses and improved coagulation abnormalities in the monkeys. Our findings suggest that soy peptides could be an effective clinical nutritional supplement for patients with sepsis, with potential benefits for reducing inflammation and improving coagulation. These results provide a foundation for further research into the development of novel nutritional supplements for patients with sepsis.