The size of a speech community is rarely treated as a factor of sociolinguistic analysis, but the small size of Macau highlights the language planning and policy (LPP) challenges that small communities often face. Complicating these challenges in Macau—as in other post-colonial speech communities—is an ecology of multilingualism. In addition to former colonial languages like Portuguese and English, Macau also has high degrees of multilingualism in other languages from East Asia, South Asia and South East Asia. Although the standard language ideology (SLI) does not encourage the speech community to consider mutually unintelligible varieties of Chinese as different languages, these varieties are in differing states of standardisation and they potentially compete for different LPP interests. Based upon the recent development of Macau’s gaming economy in the past 20 years, this volume advocates for a detailed historical analysis of the language varieties that comprise Macau’s linguistic ecology and the LPP challenges and opportunities afforded within that ecology.