As an efficient and economical bioremediation technology, biological sulfate reduction technology has great potential for the treatment of a variety of sulfate-laden wastewater. Heterotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were able to use sulfate as an electron acceptor and utilize various organic matter as electron donors in wastewater. This article summarizes the pollutants that could be removed through sulfate reduction: sulfate, heavy metals, and emerging contaminants in various wastewater. Meanwhile, the application of sulfate-reducing technology in three typical sulfate-laden wastewaters were discussed in this review. To better understand and optimize the application of sulfate reduction technology for wastewater treatment, this paper summarized the main influencing factors of sulfate-reducing technology. At the end of this review, the problems waiting for further development and potential application of sulfate-reducing technology in aquatic and terrestrial bioremediation were discussed.