Destruction pattern analysis of building materials subjected to fire provide the basis for strengthening, restoring the bearing capacity, and optimizing the function of the building structure. The surface cracking and fractal characteristics of calcium carbonate whisker-reinforced cement pastes subjected to high temperatures were studied herein. The test results showed that at 400 °C, the surface crack area, length, and fractal dimension of cement pastes specimen increases from 0 to 35 mm, 100 mm, and 1.0, respectively, due to the increase of vapor pressure. When the temperature is above 900 °C, the calcium carbonate whisker (CW) and other hydration products in the specimen begin to decompose, causing the surface crack area, length, and fractal dimension of the cement paste specimen to increase from 0 to 120 mm, 310 mm, and 1.2, respectively. Compared with the length and width of cracks, the area, and fractal dimension of cracks are less affected by the size and shape of specimen. This paper uses image processing methods to analyze the cracking patterns and fractal characteristics of specimens after high-temperature treatment. The aim is to elucidate the quantitative relationship between concrete material, temperature, and cracking characteristics, providing theoretical basis for structural evaluation after exposure to high temperature.