Aim: To investigate whether P28 derived from C3d can enhance the immune response to HBV-preS2/S induced by directly injection of naked plasmids containing variable repeats of P28 and HBV-preS2/S in fusion form. Methods: One to four copies of C3d-P28 coding gene, amplified by PCR and modified by restriction endonucleases digestion, were subcloned into a eukaryotic expression vector pVAON33 to construct pVAON33-P28, pVAON33-P28.2, pVAON33-P28.3 and pVAON33-P28.4 (pVAON33-P28.[1-4]). HBV-preS2/S coding sequence was then introduced into the pVAON33-P28.[1-4] and identified by both PCR and DNA sequencing. BALB/c mice were primed by intramuscular gene immunization with 100 μg different recombinant plasmids on day 0 and were boosted by subcutaneous inoculation with HBsAg protein (1 μg) 12 wk post-priming. The levels and avidity of specific IgG in sera collected at the indicated times from each group were determined by ELISA and NaSCN-displacement ELISA, respectively. Results: HBsAg specific antibody response was elicited in groups primed with plasmids pVAON33-S2/S-P28.[1-4] and pVAON33-S2/S. However, the response against HBsAg in the groups primed with pVAON33-S2/S-P28.[1-4] was significantly higher than that in pVAON33-S2/S group, the highest level of the specific antibody response was observed in the groups primed with pVAON33-S2/S-P28.4 (P<0.01). After secondary immunization with specific antigen, the acceleration of antibody levels was significantly higher and faster in the mice primed with DNA expressing preS2/S-P28 fusions than that with DNA expressing preS2/S only (P<0.05). Interestingly, mice primed with DNA expressing preS2/S-P28.4 fusions maintained the highest levels of anti-HBs antibodies in all animals. The avidity assay showed that the avidity index (AI) collected at 18 wk from mice primed with pVAON33-S2/S-P28.3 and pVAON33-S2/S-P28.4 were significantly higher than that from preS2/S-DNA vaccinated mice (P<0.01). Conclusion: Different repeats of C3d-P28 can enhance both humoral immune response and avidity maturation of specific antibodies induced by gene immunization, in which Our copies of C3d-P28 may be necessary to achieve the most modest antibody response. Copyright © 2004 by The WJG Press.